toxic megacolon

Toxic megacolon is a serious complication that can follow inflammation or infection of the large bowel, or colon. It causes marked enlargement and toxicity of the colon.

 

The colon is the part of the bowel that attaches to the rectum and anus. When the colon becomes inflamed or infected, it may enlarge. Toxic megacolon describes a dangerous enlargement of the colon. This may result in a life-threatening tear, or perforation, of the colon.

 

Symptoms of toxic megacolon may include:

 

On physical exam, the person looks quite ill. If a tear in the colon has occurred, the person is likely to show signs of peritonitis. These signs may include a hard, rigid abdomen, and severe abdominal tenderness.

 

The two primary causes of this condition are infections and inflammation. Inflammation is usually due to a condition known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is an autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in the lining of the colon for unknown reasons.

Early treatment of inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups may help prevent toxic megacolon. Medications to control diarrhea should be used with caution when the colon is inflamed or infected. Good handwashing, especially around those with an infectious diarrhea, can help prevent spread of bacteria.

The person's medical history and a physical exam are important in making the diagnosis. Abdominal x-rays can help confirm the diagnosis by showing a severely enlarged colon.