Most forms of the pill block a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs. Used appropriately and consistently for 21 days during the monthly cycle, the pill has been found to be 97-99% effective in preventing pregnancy. This high level of success, as well as the fact that the pill is easy to use and does not disrupt intercourse, has made it particularly appealing.

For younger women, the pill also may reduce the risk of various diseases including cancer of the ovaries and endometrium, benign breast cysts, premenstrual syndrome, and iron-deficiency anemia. However, the pill confers no protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or HIV; also, its use may promote nausea, weight gain, and increased blood-clotting. Taking the pill also has been found to be associated with heightened risk for cervical cancer. Women who take the pill are expected to have regular gynecological exams and to report any symptoms (e.g., unexplained vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, dizziness, depression) to their primary care provider. Certain women (e.g., those over the age of 35, heavy smokers, those with various heart or vascular problems, those with a history of cancer) are discouraged from taking the pill.

The Diaphragm as Birth Control and Contraceptive
The diaphragm is a bowl-shaped flexible cup that is inserted into the vagina so that it covers the cervix. Commonly used with a spermicidal cream or jelly that kills sperm, the diaphragm stops sperm from entering the uterus.

Spermicidal use is important with diaphragms because they are not completely effective in stopping sperm. When used carefully, diaphragms have been found to be 82-95 percent effective in preventing pregnancy and they may provide some protection from STDs.

Diaphragms must be fitted by a physician to insure that the right size is being used. They can be inserted into the vagina up to six hours prior to intercourse and may be left in place for 24 hours after intercourse (and must be left in place for at least six hours to insure effectiveness).

If intercourse is repeated during this period, additional spermicide can be inserted without removing the diaphragm. Annual gynecological check ups and diaphragm checks are recommended, especially if the woman's weight changes or she recently has had a pregnancy. Potential side effects include irritation, bladder infection, and unusual vaginal discharge.

The most significant potential health risk of using the diaphragm is toxic shock syndrome. Symptoms, which should be reported to one's primary care provider immediately, include vomiting, high fever, diarrhea, a sunburn-like rash, and general itching in the genital area.